Directed Reading Stars Galaxies and the Universe the Big Band Theory Answer Key
Astrophysics
Saving the Universe: Re-Creating the Big Bang
So you're like me and you desire to save the universe by re-creating the Large Bang. Where would you kickoff?
The Big Bang
As the leading explanation for how the universe began, the Big Bang theory explains how the universe as we know it started. Every bit post-obit the predictions of the theory, it suggests that the universe start out every bit an infinitely hot and dumbo single point that inflated and stretched — at insurmountable speeds, then at a more measurable rate — over the side by side thirteen.viii billion years to the still-expanding universe that exists today.
The existing technologies don't allow astronomers to run across backward into the past, at the universe'south birth; so, well-nigh of what we know about the Big Bang comes from mathematical formulas and models. However, astronomers tin see the "repeat" of the expansion through a phenomenon called, the cosmic microwave background. While a majority of the astronomers that exist accept the theory of Large Bang, there are some theorists who take alternative explanations besides the Large Bang, for case, eternal inflation or an oscillating universe.
Yet still, the Big Bang is a leading caption for the beginning of all things. It is said that effectually xiii.vii billion years ago, everything in the universe was condensed into an infinitesimally small singularity, a bespeak of infinite denseness and estrus; until suddenly, an explosive expansion began, escalating our universe outwards like a balloon, at faster than the speed of lite. This menstruation was called cosmic inflation, which lasted mere fractions of a 2nd — most 10e-32 of a second, as according to physicist, Alan Guth — who published a theory in 1980 that inverse the way we retrieve nearly the Big Bang. As Guth'south interpretation describes, as the cosmic aggrandizement came to a sudden and mysterious end, the more classical descriptions of the Big Blindside began — where a alluvion of affair and radiation, known as the "reheating" period, began populating our universe with the ordinary matter we know today: particles, atoms, and the stuff that would become stars and galaxies; as well as the eventual development of biological life. According to NASA, disregarding the development of biological life, the "reheating" period all happened within only the first second after the universe began, when the temperature of everything was all the same excessively hot, at about 10 billion degrees Fahrenheit (5.5 billion degrees Celsius). At this point, the creation contained a vast array of fundamental particles such as neutrons, electrons and protons — the quintessential materials that would go the necessary components for everything that exists today. This early development of the universe would have been impossible to actually meet considering it couldn't hold visible calorie-free. NASA stated, "The costless electrons would take caused light (photons) to besprinkle…" abroad, merely overtime, these costless electrons would probably see up with nuclei and created neutral atoms — atoms with equal positive and negative electric charges. From this betoken, light could finally smooth through, about 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Known as the "afterglow" of the Large Blindside, the calorie-free emanating from this indicate was more properly known as the cosmic microwave background (CMB), predicted by Ralph Alpher and some other scientists in 1948 but was institute only past accident well-nigh 20 years subsequently. This adventitious discovery happened when Arno Penzias and Rober Wilson, from Bong Phone Laboratories in New Bailiwick of jersey, when they were building a radio receiver in 1965 and picked up higher-than-expected temperatures. These findings advise proof that the universe began with a Large Bang.
Estimations: Concerning The Size of the Universe and its Contents
Predictions about the size of the universe have been made, just not confirmed — as mathematical calculations propose the size, but bodily measurements are most impossible. Even so, Ethan Siegel suggests that, "[i]f aggrandizement occurred at a constant charge per unit through the life of the universe, that same spot is 46 billion calorie-free-years away today…making the bore of the appreciable universe a sphere around 92 billion light-years." (from Forbes). If nosotros subscribe to the estimations laid out in an article from NASA, so we would find the proffer that only less than v% of the universe is made upwards of ordinary thing, with dark energy making upward ~68% of the universe, and nighttime affair making up ~27% of the universe. So how do nosotros re-create the Big Blindside?
Re-Creating the Big Bang
Experimentally, information technology is plausible, I argue, that nosotros entangle every anti-matter particle, and then influence a chained anti-affair particle, to cause a chain-reaction of entangled flipping of the charges of those anti-matter particles so that they form normal matter all throughout the universe — giving rising to new matter, as those former negatively charged particles, flip to positively charge particles, which would, like the gratis electrons which nosotros discussed before, coming into contact with newly adult nuclei (originally negatively charged), to form our stars, planets, and other ordinary matter.
Just how much mass free energy could the flipping of every anti-thing particle produce? Estimations using Siegel'southward approximation for the size of the universe and NASA's predictions for the percentage of ordinary matter that makes the universe — divided in half, since we postulate that the universe of normal matter is divided evenly between positively charge particles and negatively charged particles, that gives us ii.5% of the universe with anti-matter particles or matter particles, evenly. So 2.5% of 46 billion lite-years is 1.98332379e+58 meters. That is about the scale of the universe (in meters; seven.93329516e+59). The calculations are below.
We can catechumen cubic meters to kilowatt-hours, by multiplying by 11.1868, giving us: two.21870466e+59 kWh of free energy (as found by the calculation beneath).
Nosotros're and then shut to meeting the capacity of the universe in terms of energy to the volume of the universe. We're 5.7145905e+59 figures away from having our energy rate outsize the volume of the universe. Merely peradventure, with more anti-matter particles converted to ordinary matter particles, the rate of expansion of the universe past dark energy would start to tiresome down then that nosotros wouldn't need to encounter the capacity of the universe.
Alternatively, perhaps, to meet that capacity, we should resort to our miracle ability — childbirth, and increment the exponential growth of our population to form more than mass in the universe, to compensate for that 5.7145905e+59 figures. This, of form, is a dire state of affairs, but I've been known to contend for our reproductive abilities to out mass the universe'due south expansion, and then effectively so, that we'd be able to outnumber blackness holes, allowing united states to reshape space around us — as in, mayhap, to form "Tipler cylinder" from blackness hole radiation. With these proposals for re-creating the Big Bang, I wish you the all-time in all of your universal solutions.
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Work Cited
Source: https://medium.com/intuition/saving-the-universe-re-creating-the-big-bang-4098b8f32984
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